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<title>Inverted microscope</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Inverted microscope</span></span>

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<p>An <b>inverted microscope</b> is a <a href="Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> with its <a href="Light_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Light source">light source</a> and <a href="Condenser_(microscope)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condenser (microscope)">condenser</a> on the top, above the stage pointing down, while the <a href="Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objectives</a> and turret are below the stage pointing up. It was invented in 1850 by <a href="J._Lawrence_Smith_(chemist)" title="J. Lawrence Smith (chemist)">J. Lawrence Smith</a>, a faculty member of <a href="Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> (then named the Medical College of Louisiana).<sup id="cite_ref-JLSmith_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JLSmith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2></div>

<p>The stage of an inverted microscope is usually fixed, and focus is adjusted by moving the <a href="Objective_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective lens">objective lens</a> along a vertical axis to bring it closer to or further from the specimen. The focus mechanism typically has a dual concentric knob for coarse and fine adjustment.

</p><p>Depending on the size of the microscope, four to six objective lenses of different magnifications may be fitted to a rotating turret known as a nosepiece. These microscopes may also be fitted with accessories for fitting still and video cameras, <a href="Fluorescence_microscope" title="Fluorescence microscope">fluorescence illumination</a>, <a href="Confocal_laser_scanning_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Confocal laser scanning microscopy">confocal scanning</a> and many other applications.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_applications">Biological applications</h2></div>

<p>Inverted microscopes are useful for observing living <a href="Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> or <a href="Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> at the bottom of a large container (e.g., a <a href="Tissue_culture" title="Tissue culture">tissue culture</a> flask) under more natural conditions than on a glass slide, as is the case with a conventional microscope.

An inverted microscope is also used for visualisation of the <i><a href="Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a></i> bacteria in the technique called <a href="Microscopic_Observation_Drug_Susceptibility_assay" title="Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility assay">Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility assay</a> (MODS).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Micromanipulation">Micromanipulation</h2></div>

<p>Inverted microscopes are used in <a href="Micromanipulator" title="Micromanipulator">micromanipulation</a> applications where space above the specimen is required for manipulator mechanisms and the microtools they hold, and in metallurgical applications where polished samples can be placed on top of the stage and viewed from underneath using reflecting objectives.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith_JL1852" class="citation journal cs1">Smith JL (1852). "The inverted microscope-a new form of microscope". <i>Am J Sci Arts</i>. <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">233–</span>241.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antique-microscopes.com/photos/Nachet_Chemical_Inverted_microscope.htm">An example of the Nachet-Smith inverted chemical microscope, c. 1885</a></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-12" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Inverted_microscope&oldid=1275294089">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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